Swine flu: symptoms and signs in humans. How is mumps transmitted Is it possible to get swine flu
Instruction
Mumps is transmitted by airborne droplets from a sick person to a healthy person when coughing, sneezing, talking. The patient from the end of the incubation period to the 9th day of the disease. The maximum isolation of the virus occurs on the 3rd-5th day of illness. Once in the body, the virus begins to multiply in all glandular tissues of the body - in the genital, salivary glands, as well as in the pancreas and thyroid gland. The salivary glands are the first and most affected.
The disease usually begins acutely with fever, pain in the ear, which is aggravated by swallowing, chewing and getting acidic food into the mouth. The patient develops profuse salivation, and then a swelling in front of the ear, which quickly increases and becomes as large as possible by the 5th-6th day of illness, when palpated, this place is sharply painful. The earlobe protrudes upward, while the face acquires a specific appearance, hence the name of the disease. The fever may persist for several days.
The disease itself proceeds, as a rule, quite easily, but it is scary with its complications. Since the glandular tissues are affected, the pancreas is involved in the process, and an attack of acute pancreatitis may occur. It is manifested by the appearance of girdle pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting and stool disorders. If these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.
The gonads may also be affected. Boys develop soreness of the testicle, it becomes swollen. In the future, this can develop into testicular atrophy. In girls, inflammation of the ovaries can lead to menstrual irregularities and infertility in the future.
Parotitis should only be treated by a doctor. Dry heat is prescribed for the inflamed gland, rinsing the mouth with disinfectant solutions. Be sure to follow a diet, exclude dishes that cause profuse salivation, food should be liquid or crushed. To prevent pancreatitis, it is recommended to reduce the amount of white bread, cabbage, pasta and fats. It is better that the food is dairy and vegetable.
Vaccination is used to prevent mumps. Vaccinations are given at 12 months and 6 years. If a child falls ill, he is isolated until the 9th day of illness, and all contacts are not allowed in the team for 21 days. The problem is that in 40% of the sick, mumps is asymptomatic, so it is not always possible to avoid infection even with timely isolation of the patient.
Swine flu is an infectious disease caused by the influenza B virus and its many subspecies. How does infection occur and how can it be prevented?
Let's look at the symptoms of the disease, which are often absolutely identical to the usual flu or cold.
What is swine flu
Swine flu is respiratory disease, highly contagious and with a tendency to an acute course (appears suddenly and goes away after a fairly short period of time). swine flu cause some types of influenza virus, namely from influenza viruses type B and C, subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H2 N3, H3N1, H3N2.
The most common is the H1N1 influenza virus.
How the swine flu epidemic is developing
Usually influenza viruses live in balance with endemic species and it is difficult to move from one species to another. Therefore, avian influenza viruses infect birds, swine influenza virus occurs in pigs, and its impact on humans is very limited. This is due to the fact that for the virus to pass to the host cell, the latter must have the appropriate receptors on the membrane.
For example, the avian influenza virus is unlikely to spread to humans because it has very few cells in the respiratory system that express receptors on their membrane that promote adhesion of such viruses.
However, it may happen that human influenza virus and avian influenza virus simultaneously infects one pig, which has both avian and human receptors. As a result, the virus acquires the ability to bind to receptors specific to the human influenza virus. Then an epidemic could develop.
So the virus is not only transmitted from pig to human, but also acquires the ability to move quickly from person to person. In our time of hypermobility of the population, an epidemic can easily turn into pandemic.
Infection and incubation period of the virus
Spread of influenza A H1N1 virus by contact with the virus contained in aerosol particles emitted by an infected person sneezing or coughing. Another route of infection is direct contact with secretions from the respiratory tract.
Incubation period of swine flu lasts several days (1-3 from the moment of infection).
It is also possible to select several risk factors contributing to swine flu infection:
- Work with frequent contact with pigs eg: veterinarian, farmer.
- Travel to regions or countries which are currently experiencing an epidemic of the disease.
- Contact with an infected person.
- visiting places a large crowd of people.
It should be noted that eating pork poses absolutely no danger.
Symptoms and possible complications of swine flu
The symptoms of swine flu are very similar. for manifestations of other strains of influenza viruses, in particular:
- Fever and chills.
- Sneezing and stuffy nose.
- Burning in the eyes and lachrymation.
- Pain in muscles and head.
- A sore throat.
- Dry cough.
- Fatigue and fatigue even after minimal effort.
- Gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
- Confusion of consciousness in elderly patients.
Complications of swine flu
The most formidable complication is bacterial infection of the lungs and hence pneumonia which can lead to sepsis.
Other possible complications of swine flu are:
- neurological problems. It could be seizures.
- Respiratory failure(the inability of the respiratory system to provide adequate gas exchange, which is necessary to saturate the body with oxygen).
- Exacerbation of the patient's chronic diseases. This is a complication typical of older people who are burdened with diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Dehydration. And, accordingly, gastroenterological problems (vomiting and / or diarrhea).
Some people have an unconditional predisposition to develop flu complications due to a weak immune system:
- Age over 65 years.
- Infants and small children.
- Individuals who are immunosuppressed, such as those infected with HIV.
- Patients with chronic diseases: diabetes, asthma, emphysema, heart disease, anemia and other blood diseases.
- Women during pregnancy.
Diagnostics and therapy of swine flu
To be sure of swine flu infection, a sample of respiratory secretions, a swab from the nose or throat should be collected in the first 4-5 days after the onset of symptoms and carried out microbiological analysis by PCR, which detects RNA fragments of the virus.
Swine flu treatment, as a rule, is reduced to resting in bed and taking paracetamol to control painful symptoms and reduce body temperature during fever.
If the patient suffers from a pathology of the respiratory system, then penicillins to fight airway inflammation and drugs to thin the secret.
Immune system deficiency may require administration antiviral drugs with active ingredients such as zanamivir and oseltamivir. These drugs are also administered patients who are at high risk development of dangerous complications, see the list above.
How to prevent swine flu
Below we summarize the main measures that can be taken to prevent infection with the swine flu virus:
- Seasonal influenza vaccination. Every year, the composition of vaccines changes, based on the prevalence of certain types of influenza virus. But, in any case, vaccination helps the immune system even in the case of new virus subtypes.
- Frequent hand washing with soap. Helps prevent the transmission of the virus through objects.
- Avoidance of enclosed spaces and crowded.
- Avoid contact with pigs and visiting places where they can be seen and touched (for example, agricultural exhibitions).
- Avoid contact with influenza patients.
For the first time, people started talking about swine flu in the 1930s. In 2009, the disease acquired pandemic proportions. People, animals, birds could become infected with this type of virus. Transmitted from person to person, from animal to animal, pathology claimed many lives. It is important to know how swine flu is transmitted. Then you can protect yourself from infection.
Swine flu is a very dangerous disease that can become a pandemic.
This virus is called AH1N1. It manifests itself with similar symptoms to seasonal flu or acute respiratory illness. A person's body temperature rises, fever, headache. The sick person feels drowsiness and apathy, he is tormented by a cough, and a runny nose occurs less often. A feature of the AH1N1 virus is that it provokes diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
It is important for people working directly with livestock to know what the symptoms of swine flu are in pigs. Infected animals refuse to eat, their body temperature rises. Swine flu in pigs has symptoms similar to those of humans: apathy, drowsiness, sneezing, coughing, secretion from the nose. A sick animal has red eyes and a sore throat.
Infection by airborne droplets and contact
From one person to another, this virus is transmitted through direct contact. Like seasonal flu, infection occurs through the release of the pathogen when coughing or sneezing. If the patient scratches his nose, and then shakes your hand, then there is every chance that the infection will penetrate into a healthy body. When air is inhaled, the source of the disease enters the mucous membranes, affecting them.
Influenza can be transmitted through the air
You can catch swine flu without close contact with an infected person. If an infected person holds on to a door handle or, for example, a handrail on a bus, and you do the same after him, then at the first touch of a dirty hand to your face, the viruses will enter your body.
Pathology is quite contagious. It is transmitted through personal hygiene items: towels, handkerchiefs. They can even pass on the disease to you through money. Therefore, it is important to know how to protect yourself from the pathogen.
Is it possible to get infected from meat?
Can the flu be transmitted through food? This issue has been studied for many years. During the outbreak, people even refused to eat pork meat, as they were afraid of getting sick. Is it possible to catch an infection by eating pork?
Numerous studies have shown that even from an infected animal, a person can become infected with a minimal probability. Since the influenza outbreak in 2009, only 50 such cases have been reported. If you buy meat, then you need to do it in specialized places. Legal outlets must check the goods. In such places, you most likely will not even be able to purchase infected meat. However, you should not rely on the examinations and analyzes carried out. Any meat product, be it pork, beef or something else, must undergo thorough heat treatment. The influenza virus is killed by boiling. Therefore, do not forget to boil, fry or bake the meat until fully cooked, and treat your hands with an antiseptic after contact with the product.
Virus transmission from meat is unlikely
The AH1N1 virus can mutate in the human body. If you get seasonal and swine flu at the same time, you can infect other people with a more complex and dangerous disease. It is possible to determine which pathogen struck a person by laboratory diagnostics.
How to protect yourself?
You already know how swine flu manifests itself in pigs and people. During outbreaks, special precautions must be taken. So you can protect yourself from the penetration of the pathogen.
- Minimize contact with infected people. Avoid crowded places. If you see a person coughing and sneezing, keep a distance of at least two meters from him.
- Observe personal hygiene. When you return home, wash your hands and face immediately. Do not use other people's towels and handkerchiefs. Always carry hand sanitizer gel or spray with you.
- Don't touch your own face. If you are forced to touch, then first make sure that your palms are clean and sterile.
- Carry protective masks with you. If necessary, and in case of forced contact with sick people, wear them. Masks need to be changed every 2-3 hours.
- Get yourself a healthy lifestyle. Eat more fruits and vegetables, take vitamin complexes. High immunity can quickly overcome a viral infection.
- Take antivirals. Please note that this should only be done under medical supervision. Now there are a lot of different drugs that are used in courses, helping to prevent infection with respiratory infections. Including the AH1N virus When you return home from crowded places, rinse your nose and gargle with saline solutions. They will help eliminate the pathogenic flora that was acquired during the day.
A protective mask is a necessary preventive measure
swine flu vaccine
There is currently a swine flu vaccine available for animals. All farmers are required to vaccinate livestock. This will help to avoid infection in the event of an epidemic. Then you will not worry whether the disease can be transmitted through food.
There is currently no specific vaccine for humans.. Scientists are trying to develop it on an emergency basis, but you can easily get vaccinated against other strains. In this case, cross-immunity will be developed. Vaccination, according to modern legislation, is voluntary. If you do not want to be vaccinated, then no one will force you. But every person must understand the danger of this disease. If you get swine flu, you may experience the following:
- viral pneumonia;
- myocarditis and heart failure;
- dehydration;
- kidney pathology.
There is no specific vaccine for this flu.
If during an illness you feel a noticeable deterioration in well-being: shortness of breath, a strong cough, the temperature is not brought down by antipyretic drugs, then you urgent medical attention required. Inaction leads to death.
How is it different from the usual and what are the chances of being cured.
WHAT IS PIG FLU
“Swine flu”, also known as the “California” virus, is a flu that is caused by a strain (variant of the virus) A / H1N1, from where another name is influenza A / H1N1. This pathogen is a rare mutant: a person was infected with it from pigs. It happened in Mexico, from where the disease has spread all over the world since April of this year, writes segodnya.ua.
HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM THE REGULAR FLU?
Distinctive features of influenza A / H1N1 - high contagiousness and severe course with the occurrence of complications on the lungs - viral pneumonia. It is from her that patients die (according to WHO, since the beginning of the epidemic, about 5 thousand people have died from the “swine flu”). Another feature is that most of the usual antiviral drugs do not work on this strain.
HOW ARE INFECTED?
Infection comes from sick people. The main route of infection is airborne: the patient sneezed - the person inhaled the virus and fell ill. The second way is contact: the patient sneezed, the virus settled on some object (for example, on a handrail in transport), you grabbed it with your hands, rubbed your nose - the virus is already in your body. Influenza can also be transmitted through raw pork or lard (if the pig has been sick). But in the case of heat treatment, the virus is destroyed (at a temperature of more than 70 degrees). If you touch raw meat, wash your hands afterwards. In Ukraine, however, there have been no recorded cases of swine flu, but just in case, stay away from pigs.
HOW TO SUSPECT DISEASE?
The symptoms are the same as with the common flu. The disease begins 2-4 days later (maximum 7 days) after infection with sore throat and sore throat, headache, fever up to 38-40 C, runny nose, aching muscles and joints. Approximately on the 4th-5th day, a cough may appear, with the release of sputum, in which there may be streaks of blood. This symptom may indicate a complication of influenza with viral pneumonia. Recall that it was pneumonia that led to the death of dozens of people in Western Ukraine.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE ILL?
At the slightest suspicion of the flu, you need to call a doctor. Since this is a serious disease, it is strictly forbidden to self-medicate. The only two drugs that kill the A/H1N1 virus are oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir. Other antiviral drugs are ineffective. To alleviate the course of the disease, the doctor may prescribe antipyretics, if complications occur, antibiotics. Do not forget that the flu must be treated for at least 7 days, so do not try to go to work earlier than this period, otherwise complications may overtake you.
HOW LIKELY IS A DEATH?
According to WHO, the death rate from "swine flu" is 0.4-0.5%. That is, 4-5 people die out of a thousand sick people. In all cases, these are people who did not go to the doctor on time. In other words - if you immediately, feeling the approach of the disease, go to the doctors, there will be almost a 100% guarantee that you will stay alive.
HOW NOT TO GET ILL?
First, you need to avoid visiting areas where an epidemic has been declared, and also avoid large gatherings of people. Secondly, you need to protect the "entrance gate" of the infection - the nose. To do this, you need to lubricate the nasal mucosa with oxolin ointment (it is made on an oil basis, in which the virus gets stuck, and the oxolin substance can neutralize the virus), wear a mask and wash your hands every time you return from the street.
And, thirdly, it is necessary to increase the protective forces - immunity. It is important to eat onion and garlic in the diet, according to doctors, this is one of the best immunity boosters, eat foods rich in vitamin C (lemons, tangerines, cabbage, raw potato juice) or take it in the form of tablets (best in the form of a multivitamin -mineral complexes), and also do not forget about protein products - meat, fish and eggs, because protein is a building material for protective bodies of immunity. From medical means, immunity can be increased with the help of special means - immunomodulators, for example Amizon, Arbidol, Amiksin. They increase the production of an antiviral protein - interferon. Sold without a prescription.
ADVICE FOR CHILDREN
Children are at risk for swine flu because they still have immature immunity. It is important for them to exclude visiting crowded places, take a course of children's multivitamin-mineral complexes and interferon inducer preparations (see first aid kit).
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