Architectural Achievements of Ancient Rome presentation on MHK. Presentation "Architecture of Ancient Rome" on history - project, report
The technique of building with concrete was invented a millennium earlier in the Middle East, but the Romans expanded its scope and made it the main method of construction. Advantages: durable and plastic, it was he who made it possible to create grandiose architectural structures, which to this day remain monuments of the "former grandeur of Rome."
Sanctuary of Fortune the Firstborn in Palestrina, in the spurs of the Apennine mountains, east of Rome The oldest of the architectural monuments is the sanctuary of Fortune the Firstborn in Palestrina, in the spurs of the Apennine mountains, east of Rome. Here, in the once-important Etruscan citadel, from ancient times there was an unusual cult of Fortune (the goddess of fate) as the original deity, in combination with the famous oracle located right there. Sanctuary of Fortune the Firstborn (Primigenia). (I century BC)
The columns of all three classical orders are placed one above the other in accordance with their inherent "weight". The increase in lightness of proportions is barely perceptible; all these orders in their Roman interpretation look almost the same. Doric columns Ionic columns Corinthian columns
Built at the beginning of the 4th century. n. e. the basilicas of Constantine were predecessors. The first such buildings appeared in Greece during the Hellenistic period. These were public buildings designed for various purposes with a rather long rectangular hall inside. Under Roman rule, such buildings became typical of every major city; they were used primarily for holding court sessions; the courts that administered justice on behalf of the emperor had to be located in a room worthy of them.
MHK grade 10
Architectural Achievements of Ancient Rome
The presentation was made
Teacher of fine arts, technology and MHK
Eremeeva I.V.
Art culture ancient rome
The history of Ancient Rome has more than twelve centuries.
When we talk about Ancient Rome, we mean not only the city of Rome of the ancient era, but also all the lands conquered by it from Egypt to the British Isles.
The art of Ancient Rome managed not only to inherit, but also creatively develop the best achievements of ancient Greek masters, creating its own original style.
There are three main periods in the development of the artistic culture of Ancient Rome:
- The era of the Etruscans VII - IV centuries. BC.
- The era of the Roman Republic IV - I centuries. BC.
- The era of the Roman Empire I - IV centuries. AD
Architecture of the period of the Roman Republic.
- Ancient Roman civilization gave the world carefully planned cities, palaces and temples, public institutions, paved roads and magnificent bridges.
- In the era of the Roman Republic, the main types of architectural structures developed: public buildings, basilicas and temples, roads, bridges and aqueducts.
- Cities were characterized by a regular layout.
- Architectural structures were located in a strict order on huge quadrangular squares, or forums, wide streets marked the beginning of a new era in urban planning.
- From the 6th c. BC e. the famous Roman Forum became the center of business and social life of the city. People's meetings were held here, the most important issues of war and peace, state administration were decided, trade deals were concluded ...
- There were many buildings, monuments and statues on the territory of the Forum. The most important roads of the state began from the Forum, the main streets of the city converged to it.
- Over the course of several centuries, the Forum was rebuilt several times. At the beginning of the 2nd c. N. e. Mark Ulpius Troyan built the most grandiose Forum, which was said to be the only building on earth, before which even the gods were amazed.
Trajan's Column
- The most remarkable monument in the Forum was Trajan's 38-meter column. Made from 20 blocks of Karar marble.
- From top to bottom, the column is spirally covered with reliefs telling about the military campaigns of Trajan (the length of the tape of reliefs reaches 200 m)
- This majestic building was intended to glorify not only the emperor himself, but also the power of the entire state.
- Later, the column served as a grave monument to Trajan (at its base there is a room with a golden urn, where the ashes of the emperor are kept.
appian way
- Roman architecture has always sought to meet the practical needs of man. The construction of roads is admirable.
- The famous Appian Way, paved with gravel and concrete slabs with the addition of volcanic ash for strength, has been well preserved to our time (it was laid from Rome to Capua).
- Structures in the form of a stone or concrete arched bridge, which served to lay water pipes across deep ravines, were the embodiment of a bold architectural concept and the highest construction technology.
- At the same time, aqueducts and viaducts formed a single whole with the surrounding landscape.
Architectural masterpieces of the Roman Empire
- The distinctive features of architecture are now monumentality, the spread of vaulted structures, wall cladding with brick and marble, and the use of concrete.
- Spectacular buildings are of particular interest among the architectural structures of Ancient Rome.
- The largest of them is the Colosseum, where pantomimes were played, gladiator fights, and wild animals were tamed.
- The Colosseum (lat. "colloseus" - colossal) is a huge oval bowl 188 meters long, 156 meters wide and 50 meters high. The construction of the Colosseum lasted 10 years.
- In the center of the Colosseum is an arena surrounded by stepped benches for spectators, whose number reached 56,000.
- Outside, the amphitheater is entirely covered with travertine and has four tiers. The three lower ones represent arched arches running along the entire profile, cut by pilasters and semi-columns in the canonical sequence: on the first tier - Doric, on the second - Ionic, and on the third - Corinthian. The fourth, upper tier, completed a little later, is a solid wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters and cut through with small windows. On the crowning cornice, holes are still preserved, where supports were inserted to stretch a bright awning that protected spectators from the heat.
Pantheon
- Also one of the masterpieces of Roman architecture is the Pantheon - "the temple of all the gods" (which has no analogues in ancient Roman architecture.
Triumphal Arch of Emperor Titus
- The architectural appearance of Ancient Rome cannot be imagined without the triumphal arches erected in honor of the victories of the Romans in military campaigns.
- Among the largest public buildings of Ancient Rome, it is necessary to name buildings term(public baths), which are an integral part of any city. The baths served as a place of rest and entertainment, visiting them was part of the daily life of the Romans.
- So in Rome there were a great many of them: there were 12 large imperial baths and hundreds of private ones. The most famous baths of the emperor Caracalla. Inside they were lined with colored marble.
conclusion
- Roman architecture left a rich legacy for posterity
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Architecture of Ancient Rome. Forum of Ancient Rome, Pantheon - the temple of all the gods, the Colosseum, triumphal arches.
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans Who the Etruscans were and where they came from at the beginning of the 1st millennium on the Apennine Peninsula, even ancient Roman authors could not say for sure. Modern scientists also do not have a common opinion on this matter. Many are inclined to believe that Asia Minor was the homeland of the Etruscans, this is confirmed by their ethnic type, close ties with the Phoenicians, as well as many legends. Domed Tomb, Banditacha Necropolis,
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans The fact of the existence of the Etruscan civilization in the north-west of Italy has been undeniably proven. Their main settlements were located in modern Tuscany, the names of many settlements of which, including the word Tuscany itself, are of Etruscan origin. In the 8th century BC, the Etruscans were as skilled in many crafts as the ancient Greeks. Their ties with the Greeks, who had colonies in southern Italy, became more and more strong, especially in the 7th-5th centuries BC. The Etruscans used the same pantheon of gods, though sometimes with different names. They built houses and temples, in form very close to the Greek ones. They often depicted scenes from Greek myths and legends about gods and heroes on their vases and frescoes. Particularly noteworthy are the scenes of the Trojan War.
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans The time of the highest flowering of Etruscan art - 6-5 centuries BC, in the 4th century BC Etruria began to weaken under the onslaught of the growing Rome, then briefly raised its head and then was swept away from the historical path by the powerful pressure of the Republican Rome. The Etruscans were not only skilled gold and bronze craftsmen, wonderful potters, artists, sculptors who created magnificent portraits, but also excellent engineers and architects. The field of activity of Etruscan architects was extremely wide.
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans They built cities, including the famous port of Spina, one of the largest in the Ancient World, as well as Volterra, Cervetri, Veii, Perugia and others. them the Romans. The streets in the cities intersected at right angles, which the Romans also took over from them for their civil and military settlements. The Etruscans built excellent roads, and threw bridges across the rivers, which the Romans also picked up. Gates in Volterra III-II centuries BC. Volterrane Italy
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans Etruscan buildings were built of clay, brick, wood and stone. The ceilings of stone temples were often made of wood using iron ties. In shape, the temples resembled Greek peripteres, but since the soil in Etruria is swampy, they were raised to a high stone podium. We also saw this in Rome. A wide staircase led to the entrance. The temples had deep porticos, from where the augur priests watched the flight of birds and made their predictions. Arch in Perugia, III-II centuries BC Italy, Perugia
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Etruscan architecture and culture In Etruria, the cult of ancestors was very developed, which became the source of the development of the sculptural portrait inherited by the Romans, and the cult of the afterlife, which led to the construction of rich tombs, different in materials and form, but similar in abundance of picturesque and sculptural decorations. Banditacha Necropolis,
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans In Cervetri, several hundred round tombs were preserved, made of stone and covered with earthen hills from above. These are the so-called tumuli. In the south of Etruria, where a chamber could be carved into the soft tuff rocks, the tombs resembled caves, although they often used stone blocks and ceilings. dome tomb,
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans The need for exact portrait resemblance to perpetuate the appearance of a deceased ancestor led to such a development of a realistic portrait that even in Republican Rome the best bronze portraits were made by Etruscan masters. Together with the cult of ancestors, the Romans also adopted the art of portraiture. Tomb of Kutu, builders unknown, III-Ic. BC. Italy, Perugia
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Architecture and culture of the Etruscans It turns out that the mighty Roman power, which conquered half the world, with its shadow overshadowed the immediate predecessors and teachers - the Etruscans, without whose high civilization there would not have been many achievements attributed to the Roman genius, including the Capitoline she-wolf who nursed the founders of Rome Romulus and Rema, as it was created by an unknown Etruscan master. Capitoline she-wolf 5th century BC Palazzo Conservatori Rome, Italy
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The architecture of ancient Rome At the dawn of its history, Rome was characterized by severity. Simplicity was considered a virtue, effeminacy a vice, luxury was prosecuted by law. The Romans are generally considered to have made three ingenious discoveries in architecture: concrete, the arch, and the dome. In fact, only concrete is an undeniably Roman invention. By mixing lime with volcanic ash, stones and sand, the Romans created an extremely durable, cheap, convenient, but aesthetically absolutely inexpressive building material. The last circumstance did not bother them at all. But then everything changed. Rome became the capital of a world power. Rome was turning into an artistic center, the capital of the world. In the hope of receiving generous orders, masters from all over the world came here, so Roman art was created not only by the Romans, but Roman ideals were embodied in it. Temple at the Bull Market, builders unknown, middle of the 1st c. BC. Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The heart of Rome, the focus of its social life was the Forum - the town square. The forum was located at the foot of the Capitol - the main of the seven hills, on which for 600 years there were temples of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva and a bronze she-wolf with Romulus and Remus. The forum did not have the correct shape, but, developing from the 6th century BC, it turned into a ceremonial architectural ensemble. Roman Forum, builders unknown, 6th c. BC reconstruction in the 1st century BC Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The forum was filled with statues of heroes and monuments in honor of victories over enemies. In the center of the Forum, a small building whitens - this is the temple of the god Janus. When the Romans were at war with someone, the wooden doors of this temple flung open as a sign that Janus came to the aid of the legionnaires. And the doors of the temple were closed only when the hostilities were over everywhere. Temples with magnificent columns dedicated to the gods rose on massive stone platforms. Roman Forum, builders unknown, 6th c. - IV. BC. Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The forum was overgrown not only with buildings, but also with statues of honorary Roman citizens, military trophies of generals. During the Republic, the Roman Forum was the commercial and political center of Rome. But then, when the city grew, the square, lined with monuments, shops, temples, ceased to satisfy the capital of the Roman Empire. Next to it, new public centers began to grow - a chain of new forums called imperial. Arch of Septimius Severus, builders unknown, 203 AD Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome Julius Caesar back in the 1st century BC the first built a new area in the form of a rectangular paved courtyard with a temple standing in its depths - the forum of Caesar. Following him, Augustus, Vespasian, then Nerva and, finally, the emperor Trajan built the most grandiose square at the beginning of the 2nd century. He ordered to tear down a hill 38 meters high, and in its place to break the largest and most luxurious forum of Rome. They said about Trajan's forum that this is the only building on earth before which even the gods could not help but be amazed. Arch of Titus, builders unknown, 81 AD Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome And the Romans themselves, in admiration of him, said this: "The forum cannot be described, and nothing like a mortal can create anymore." The architect Apollodorus of Damascus began building it in 107 and finished it in 113. In the violet-gray plane of the wall (its height is not less than a seven-story building), a triumphal arch of white marble was inserted from huge blocks of porous tufa. Three of its flights are the entrance to the square: the middle one is just gigantic, the two side ones are smaller. Forum of Trajan with Trajan's Column, architect Damascus Apollodorus, 113, Italy, Rome
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Architecture of Ancient Rome Emperor Vespasian Flavius laid the foundation for a gigantic elliptical bowl capable of holding up to 60,000 people. This building was supposed to show Rome that the new Flavian dynasty cares more about its citizens, and therefore the building was given the name "Flavian Amphitheatre", but the Romans call it the Colosseum. Colosseum, architect Gavdentius, 75-80 AD Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The Colosseum got its name from the Latin word "colossus", which means "giant". The emperors Vespasian and Titus, who visited the East and were impressed by the enormity and grandeur of the Egyptian pyramids, decided to build an amphitheater, just as majestic and grandiose. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Colosseum began to gradually collapse. In the Middle Ages, Christian ceremonies were performed in it, sometimes it was used as a feudal castle, and once it was even adapted for workshops for the manufacture of saltpeter. At the end of the 13th century, the Colosseum was turned into a quarry. The houses of 23 prominent aristocratic families were built from it, in the XIV-XV centuries - 6 churches, in 1495 the office of the Pope was built from the material of the Colosseum, and in the XVI century bridges were built from the squares of the Colosseum. In 1704, donated material from the Colosseum was used to build a harbor.
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The architecture of ancient Rome Having mastered the art of laying arches and erecting vaults to perfection, the Romans created a dome, which turned out to be the logical conclusion to the development of these structures. The dome, like many arches thrown through one point - the castle of the dome, appears before us in all its glory in the great Roman building of the era of Emperor Hadrian - the Pantheon, built in 117-138 and dedicated to all the main Roman gods. At the beginning of the 7th century, the Pantheon was turned into a Christian church, and in 1520, the genius of the Italian Renaissance, Rafael Santi, was buried in one of the niches of this temple. Until the second half of the 19th century, the dome of the Pantheon remained unsurpassed in size throughout the world. Pantheon, architect Damascus Apollodorus, 118-128, Italy, Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The Roman Empire, stretching from Britain and Gaul in the north to Africa in the south, and from Syria in the east to Spain in the west, played a huge positive role in the further development of these countries in the eras following the fall of Rome. It was the forms of Roman architecture, such as the dome and the basilica, that were picked up by the architecture of the Christian world and did not bypass the Islamic countries. Basilicas - huge public buildings, divided into 3 or 5 corridors - naves - by columns supporting arcades, the Romans always placed in the forums. Trade transactions were made in the basilicas, orators or even the emperor himself spoke, disputes were held, a court was held with a simultaneous confluence of a large number of people. Baths of Caracalla, builders unknown, beginning of III century. AD Italy Rome
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The architecture of ancient Rome The largest of the known buildings of this type - the Basilica of Maxentius - the only such grandiose structure that this emperor managed to build during his short reign. This is a huge building with three naves, almost square in plan. The main thing that strikes in it is the giant arches and vaults. At the same time, "by connecting the Basilica of Maxentius with the dome of the Pantheon", another masterpiece of world architecture was born - the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Basilica of Maxentius Constantine, builders unknown, 307-312, Italy, Rome
Architecture of Ancient Rome.
Rome! Omnipotent, mysterious word!.. Everything that is the life of the mind, everything that the soul is passion - Art, courage, victory, glory, power - You expressed everything with your living verb, And you were a great symbol of everything ... P. A. Vyazemsky. "Rome"
More than twelve centuries (from the VIII century BC to the U century AD) has the history of Ancient Rome. She left mankind a rich cultural and artistic heritage: grandiose architectural ensembles, new types of engineering structures, realistic sculptural portraits, wonderful frescoes, mosaics, works of arts and crafts, poetic creations. Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st c. BC e. produced a colossal revolution in the life of Rome. Adamant and proud Rome was forced to recognize the greatness of the cultural traditions of Hellas.
In the development of the artistic culture of Ancient Rome, three periods are distinguished: the art of the Etruscans (7-6 centuries BC), the art of the Roman Republic (4-1 centuries BC), the art of the Roman Empire (1-4 centuries AD). e.).
"All roads lead to Rome" - says the ancient saying. From the 6th century BC the famous Roman Forum is the center of business and social life of the city. People's meetings were held here, the most important issues of war and peace, state administration were resolved, trade deals were concluded, court proceedings were heard, passions boiled... There were many buildings, monuments and statues on the territory of the Forum. The roads of the state began from the Forum, the main streets of the city converged to it.
Roman forum.
Trojan column. It is a marble cylinder mounted on a cubic Pedestal. From top to bottom, the column is covered with reliefs. The length of the reliefs is 200 meters. The column is 38 meters high.
Column reliefs.
Temple of Saturn. One of the largest temples in the world was built on a high podium. It contained a statue of Saturn. The most precious thing - the State Treasury - was kept in the temple.
Pantheon. One of the masterpieces of Roman architecture is the Pantheon - "the temple of all the gods", built in Rome in 125. It has no analogues in ancient Roman architecture. Its main attraction is the grandiose domed ceiling, reaching a diameter of 43.2 m. In its size, the dome of the Pantheon surpasses all large vaults built in subsequent times.
Interior of the Pantheon. In the Pantheon, no sacrifices were ever made and the usual ritual was not performed. Its main purpose was to concentrate all the spiritual forces and thoughts of a person who here joined the idea of eternity and the unity of the world. It is no coincidence that at the present time it is in the Pantheon that the tomb of the great people of Italy has been created. The temple is distinguished by its simplicity and nobility.
Coliseum. Spectacular buildings are of particular interest among the architectural structures of ancient Rome. The largest of them is the Colosseum, where pantomimes were played, gladiator fights and wild animals were tamed. The Colosseum is a huge oval bowl (188x156 m). In the center of the Colosseum is an arena surrounded by stepped benches for spectators, whose number reached 56,000.
ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT ROME Roman construction was innovative. Although it used the achievements of Hellenistic architecture, all the architecture of ancient Rome
Roman construction was innovative. Although it
used the achievements of Hellenistic architecture,
anyway, it puts its concept into practice, with a new
approach to space and architectural form. Progress
construction equipment moved quickly, especially regarding
specific tasks (water supply, treatment facilities,
retaining walls, military vehicles, camps).
The Romans began to use
construction concrete. In constructions
structures used arches and domes.
There is already a need for a late republic
decorate the city. Architecture was the leading art
Ancient Rome.
buildings that embodied the ideas of power
Roman state, and later emperor,
aimed at gaining popularity
free population of cities: forums,
triumphal arches, amphitheatres, baths,
basilicas, engineering structures,
serving the cities of the Roman state and
first of all - the gigantic center of the metropolis,
city of Rome.
Triumphal Arch of Titus
Triumphal Arch of Titus (It. Arco di Tito) -single-span arch located on the ancient
Sacred Road (Via Sacra) southeast of
Roman Forum. built by the emperor
Domitian shortly after the death of Titus in 82 CE. e.
commemorates the capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. e.
Served as a model for many triumphal arches
New time.
The arch is widely known, first of all, for its
bas-relief inside the span. It depicts
procession with trophies captured in Jerusalem.
Triumphal Arch of Titus 81
Construction equipment rises to great heights,engineering art is developing, using
achievements of Hellenistic science. Are being created
grandiose aqueducts supplying water to dozens of
kilometers (Appius Claudius aqueduct, 311 BC),
roads (Via Appia, 312 BC;), bridges, sewers
(Cloaca Maximus in Rome).
A fragment of the intracity branch of the Claudius aqueduct (Aqua Claudia) at the present. Via Turati.
The Appian Way (lat. Via Appia) is the most significant of the ancient public roads of Rome.
Appian road (lat. Via Appia) - the mostsignificant of ancient public roads
Rome.
Appian Way
The road, laid in 312 BC. e. under the censorAppia Claudia Ceke, passed from Rome to Capua,
was later carried to Brundisium. Through her
communication between Rome and Greece, Egypt was established
and Asia Minor.
Along the Appian Way there are many
monuments: tombs and villas of the republican and
imperial period, Christian and Jewish
catacombs, medieval towers and fortifications,
often built on the ruins of Roman
monuments, renaissance and baroque buildings.
The architect had a privileged position in Roman society, far above that of sculptors and painters. Type of Roman temple origin
The architect had a privileged position in the Romansociety, far above the place of sculptors and painters. Type of
the Roman temple comes from the Etruscan, later from the Greek,
however, its form corresponds to a different ritual. It had the character of a public ceremony where
involved government authorities and
population, takes place in the open -
therefore, in front of the temple, a great
free space. The building is placed on
high podium, which emphasizes the facade, on
sky background becoming grandiose
decoration.
The Roman theater also depends on the ancient Greek, but the Romans did not use the natural slopes of the hill, but built on level ground in the shape of a b
Roman theater also depends on ancient Greek, but the Romans did notused the natural slopes of the hill, and built on a flat
place in the form of a large stone ring. Orchestra gradually
loses its significance, turning into vip-places. back wall
(skena) becomes an architectural structure. Love to
gladiator fights led to the emergence of amphitheaters
round and oval shape by combining two mirror
hemispheres.
The intensive urban planning of the Romans influenced urban development. Forums are a special type of building. specific architectural appearance
The intensive urban development of the Romans influencedurban building. Forums are a special type of building.
A specific architectural appearance was also acquired by large
city arteries. Freestanding arches have become typical
element of urban decoration - the ancient function of the gate
translated here into the language of pure decorativeness.
Architecture is on the rise during the reign of the Flavian dynasty (69 - 96 AD). One of the pinnacles of Roman architecture is the amphitheater.
Architecture is on the rise during the reign of the Flavian dynasty(69 - 96 AD). One of the pinnacles of Roman architecture is
the Flavian amphitheater, or the Colosseum (75 - 82 AD). Flavian Amphitheater -
The Colosseum has become the symbol of the city. This is a huge building with
about 50,000 spectators, intended for gladiator fights and
animal persecution. The dimensions of the arena allowed the production of up to 3000 pairs.
gladiators at the same time. The amphitheater was carefully thought out,
traffic and pedestrian flows are separated. Colosseum dominated
above the landscape, completed the monumental perspective of the city.
Emperor Hadrian, a lover of Greece, gave the culture of his time a pronounced classical character. Basic schemes of Roman architecture
Emperor Hadrian, lover of Greece, imparted cultureof its time, a pronounced classical character.
The basic schemes of Roman architecture are being reworked,
but with strict observance of the established form.
Pantheon - the temple of all the gods (about 125), one of
wonderful architectural monuments. Restoring
The Pantheon started by Agrippa and burnt down, Adrian clearly
planned a perfect round temple.
Pantheon
The height of the bowl-shaped dome visuallyenlarged by caissons and compluvium,
through which the light spreads evenly.
The spectator who enters the temple finds himself inside
grand dome space.
The gigantic dimensions of the structure (the height of the temple -
42.7 m, internal diameter of the dome - 43.5 m) in
combined with harmonic proportions and
noble beauty of architectural forms
give the impression of exceptional strength.